{"id":68203,"date":"2025-11-14T11:03:52","date_gmt":"2025-11-14T03:03:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/?p=68203"},"modified":"2026-03-27T15:40:41","modified_gmt":"2026-03-27T07:40:41","slug":"ro-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/id\/blog\/ro-system\/","title":{"rendered":"How Feedwater Temperature Affects RO System Performance \u2014 A Practical 2025 Guide"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Reading time:<\/strong>&nbsp;12\u201316 minutes \u00b7&nbsp;<strong>Penonton:<\/strong>&nbsp;RO designers, operators, process engineers, EPCs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Feedwater temperature RO System<\/strong>\u00a0is one of the most important but underrated parameters in reverse osmosis design and operation. Temperature quietly changes viscosity, diffusion and reaction rates, so the same plant can behave like a completely different system in winter versus summer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Executive summary:<\/em>&nbsp;Higher feedwater temperature boosts permeate flow and lowers required pressure, but it reduces salt rejection and accelerates chemical and biological damage to membranes. Colder water does the opposite: it protects membranes and salt rejection but punishes energy consumption and can change scaling behaviour. This guide explains the mechanisms, gives practical rules of thumb, and shows how to build temperature into RO design, monitoring and seasonal operating plans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/feedwater-temperature-ro-hero.webp\" alt=\"Feedwater temperature RO \u2014 effect of cold and warm water on pressure, flow and rejectionFeedwater temperature changes RO flow, pressure, energy use and salt rejection \u2014 for better or worse.\" class=\"wp-image-68206\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/feedwater-temperature-ro-hero.webp 1024w, https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/feedwater-temperature-ro-hero-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/feedwater-temperature-ro-hero-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/feedwater-temperature-ro-hero-768x768.webp 768w, https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/feedwater-temperature-ro-hero-12x12.webp 12w, https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/feedwater-temperature-ro-hero-600x600.webp 600w, https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/feedwater-temperature-ro-hero-100x100.webp 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Feedwater temperature RO \u2014 effect of cold and warm water on pressure, flow and rejection\nFeedwater temperature changes RO flow, pressure, energy use and salt rejection \u2014 for better or worse.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Feedwater Temperature RO System \u2014 A Double-Edged Sword for RO System Performance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In any <strong>feedwater temperature RO System<\/strong> discussion, temperature affects almost every aspect of RO System performance:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Permeate flow:<\/strong> warmer water is less viscous and passes through the membrane more easily.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Required pressure and energy:<\/strong> cold water needs higher pressure (and therefore more energy) to maintain the same production rate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Salt rejection and permeate quality:<\/strong> higher temperature increases ion diffusion and salt passage, lowering rejection.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Membrane life and fouling risks:<\/strong> high temperature speeds up oxidation and biofouling; extreme low temperature risks freezing and mechanical damage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The challenge is to design and operate the plant so that these temperature effects are controlled and visible rather than hidden in the data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Permeate flow:<\/strong>&nbsp;warmer water is less viscous and passes through the membrane more easily.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Required pressure and energy:<\/strong>&nbsp;cold water needs higher pressure (and therefore more energy) to maintain the same production rate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Salt rejection and permeate quality:<\/strong>&nbsp;higher temperature increases ion diffusion and salt passage, lowering rejection.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Membrane life and fouling risks:<\/strong>&nbsp;high temperature speeds up oxidation and biofouling; extreme low temperature risks freezing and mechanical damage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The challenge is to design and operate the plant so that these temperature effects are controlled and visible rather than hidden in the data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Temperature vs Permeate Flow \u2014 The 2.5\u20133% per \u00b0C Rule<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The most visible impact of <strong>feedwater temperature RO System<\/strong> behaviour is on permeate flow. As water warms up, viscosity decreases and water molecules move more easily through the membrane pores. For typical thin-film composite RO membranes, a good rule of thumb is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Permeate flow changes by approximately 2.5\u20133.0% per \u00b0C<\/strong>&nbsp;relative to the design point at 25&nbsp;\u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In practice, that means:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Going from 25&nbsp;\u00b0C down to 10&nbsp;\u00b0C can reduce permeate flow by roughly 35\u201345% if pressure is not increased.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Going from 25&nbsp;\u00b0C up to 35&nbsp;\u00b0C can increase flow by roughly 25\u201330% at the same pressure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>To avoid chasing temperature, most plants use&nbsp;<strong>normalized permeate flow<\/strong>. This calculation corrects the actual flow back to a reference temperature (commonly 25&nbsp;\u00b0C) using the membrane manufacturer\u2019s temperature correction factor (TCF). Fouling trends are then visible even when seasons change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Temperature vs Operating Pressure and Energy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Because colder feedwater is more viscous, RO systems must run at higher feed pressure to deliver the same permeate rate. A simplified example for a plant designed at 25&nbsp;\u00b0C:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Feedwater temperature<\/th><th>Typical feed pressure to produce 100&nbsp;m\u00b3\/h<\/th><th>Relative specific energy<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>5&nbsp;\u00b0C<\/td><td>\u2248 13 bar<\/td><td>High (\u224830\u201340% more than at 25&nbsp;\u00b0C)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>25&nbsp;\u00b0C (design)<\/td><td>\u2248 10 bar<\/td><td>Baseline<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>35&nbsp;\u00b0C<\/td><td>\u2248 8 bar<\/td><td>Lower (energy savings possible)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In colder climates, winter electricity consumption can easily be 30% or more higher than summer for the same permeate production, simply because the pumps must work against higher pressure. This is where variable-frequency drives (VFDs) and optimized setpoints pay off: the high-pressure pump can track the needed pressure as temperature drifts instead of running at a fixed, inefficient operating point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Temperature vs Salt Rejection and Product Quality<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Salt rejection is also temperature dependent. At higher temperatures, ions diffuse faster through the membrane and salt passage increases faster than water flux. The result is a&nbsp;<strong>gradual decrease in salt rejection as temperature rises<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Typical observations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Between 10\u201315&nbsp;\u00b0C and 25&nbsp;\u00b0C, rejection is usually strongest.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>From 25&nbsp;\u00b0C up to 35&nbsp;\u00b0C, salt passage can increase enough to noticeably lower permeate resistivity or increase conductivity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Industries with tight water quality requirements feel this first:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Electronics \/ UPW:<\/strong>&nbsp;small changes in rejection can push resistivity below 15\u201318&nbsp;M\u03a9\u00b7cm in summer unless polishing steps (EDI, mixed-beds) are sized with margin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pharmaceutical and biotech:<\/strong>&nbsp;more ionic load hits downstream polishing and disinfection, increasing operating cost and validation risk.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>When warm-season permeate consistently fails quality targets, options include tightening membranes, adding or upgrading polishing steps, or lowering recovery so that element flux is less aggressive at high temperature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Temperature Impacts on Membrane Life and Fouling Risks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">High-Temperature Risks (&gt; 30&nbsp;\u00b0C)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Chemical degradation:<\/strong>&nbsp;Polyamide RO membranes are sensitive to oxidants such as free chlorine and ozone. Higher temperature accelerates these reactions, so a membrane exposed to the same ppm\u00b7h of oxidant will suffer damage much faster at 35&nbsp;\u00b0C than at 20\u201325&nbsp;\u00b0C.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Biofouling:<\/strong>&nbsp;Microbial growth rates are highest in the 25\u201335&nbsp;\u00b0C range. Warm feedwater encourages biofilm formation in pretreatment filters, distribution piping and the RO itself unless biocide programs and sanitation are well controlled.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hydraulic stress:<\/strong>&nbsp;Operators sometimes keep pressure constant in summer and accept the extra flux. Over-fluxing lead elements at high temperature accelerates compaction and fouling.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Low-Temperature Risks (&lt; 10&nbsp;\u00b0C)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Scaling behaviour:<\/strong>&nbsp;Some salts (e.g., calcium carbonate) become more soluble at lower temperature, but the higher pressure used to recover flow can increase concentration polarization at the membrane surface and aggravate other scalants, such as calcium sulfate or silica.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mechanical damage:<\/strong>&nbsp;In outdoor or poorly insulated installations, residual water inside housings can freeze during shutdowns and physically damage membranes, O-rings or pressure vessels.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Viscosity-driven fouling:<\/strong>&nbsp;Thicker, colder water can make existing fouling look worse in terms of pressure drop; without normalization, it is easy to misinterpret seasonal changes as sudden plugging.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Design Considerations for Seasonal Temperature Swings<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Good RO design uses the&nbsp;<strong>lowest expected feedwater temperature<\/strong>&nbsp;as the basis for pump sizing and membrane selection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Pump head and motor power:<\/strong>&nbsp;size for the coldest credible feedwater, including fouling margin, so that you can still meet permeate production in winter without overloading the motor.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Membrane selection and loading:<\/strong>&nbsp;choose elements and number of elements per vessel so that flux is acceptable at both low and high temperature; use design software to check worst-case conditions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>VFDs on high-pressure pumps:<\/strong>&nbsp;VFDs allow you to reduce pressure and energy consumption in warm seasons while still having enough headroom at low temperature.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Equipment ratings:<\/strong>&nbsp;ensure pressure vessels, piping, seals and instruments are rated for the full temperature range, including CIP temperatures.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>CIP and thermal control:<\/strong>&nbsp;in extreme climates, heaters, insulation or chillers may be justified to keep the RO within a safe operating band.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Operating Strategies by Season<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Winter Playbook \u2014 Cold Feedwater<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use normalized flow to distinguish real fouling from simple temperature effects.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Increase feed pressure cautiously to restore permeate flow; watch recovery and scaling limits, adjusting antiscalant dosing if necessary.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Consider temporarily lowering recovery setpoints during the coldest weeks to stay safely below scaling saturation at higher pressure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Watch for increased \u0394P across pretreatment filters; cold water can make existing plugging more apparent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Summer Playbook \u2014 Warm Feedwater<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Take advantage of lower viscosity by reducing feed pressure with the VFD to save energy while keeping flux within design limits.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tighten quality alarms: monitor permeate conductivity or resistivity, especially at the hottest times of day.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Review dechlorination and biofouling control strategies; verify that residual oxidants are controlled and that any biocide program is compatible with the membranes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ensure CIP frequency and chemistry are appropriate for the higher biofouling tendency at warm temperature.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Monitoring &amp; Normalization \u2014 Keeping Temperature From Hiding Problems<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Without normalization, raw flow and conductivity data can be misleading. A plant might appear to \u201crecover\u201d in spring even though fouling is still increasing, simply because the water warmed up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Best practice is to create&nbsp;<strong>temperature-corrected KPIs<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Normalized permeate flow:<\/strong>&nbsp;correct actual flow to 25&nbsp;\u00b0C using the manufacturer\u2019s TCF.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Normalized salt passage or rejection:<\/strong>&nbsp;account for temperature when trending permeate conductivity and feed\/concentrate conductivity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Normalized pressure drop:<\/strong>&nbsp;in some cases, particularly high-pressure brackish or seawater systems, \u0394P normalization helps distinguish viscosity effects from real plugging.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A simple RO log sheet can include columns for actual temperature, TCF, normalized flow, normalized rejection and normalized \u0394P. Plotting these over time makes fouling, scaling and operational changes much easier to interpret and turns <strong>feedwater temperature RO<\/strong> from a hidden disturbance into a controlled design parameter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Practical Example \u2014 Same RO at 5&nbsp;\u00b0C, 25&nbsp;\u00b0C and 35&nbsp;\u00b0C<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Consider a brackish-water RO plant designed to produce 100&nbsp;m\u00b3\/h at 25&nbsp;\u00b0C and 10&nbsp;bar feed pressure:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Suhu<\/th><th>Feed pressure (approx.)<\/th><th>Permeate flow (if pressure fixed at 10&nbsp;bar)<\/th><th>Catatan penting<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>5&nbsp;\u00b0C<\/td><td>13&nbsp;bar to hold 100&nbsp;m\u00b3\/h<\/td><td>\u2248 60\u201365&nbsp;m\u00b3\/h at 10&nbsp;bar<\/td><td>Energy consumption high; cold water masks some fouling; scaling risk must be checked.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>25&nbsp;\u00b0C<\/td><td>10&nbsp;bar<\/td><td>100&nbsp;m\u00b3\/h<\/td><td>Design point; baseline KPIs and normalized values equal actual values.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>35&nbsp;\u00b0C<\/td><td>8&nbsp;bar for 100&nbsp;m\u00b3\/h<\/td><td>\u2248 125\u2013130&nbsp;m\u00b3\/h at 10&nbsp;bar<\/td><td>Energy savings possible, but salt rejection decreases and over-fluxing risk is high.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This simple comparison shows why \u201csame plant, different season\u201d can feel like different equipment. Only by correcting to a common temperature can you see the underlying health of the membranes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">FAQ \u2014 Quick Answers That Rank<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How much does RO permeate flow change with temperature?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A common rule of thumb is that permeate flow changes by about&nbsp;<strong>2.5\u20133.0% per \u00b0C<\/strong>&nbsp;relative to the design point at 25&nbsp;\u00b0C. Always refer to the membrane manufacturer\u2019s temperature correction factor for precise calculations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why does RO salt rejection drop in summer?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Higher temperature increases ion diffusion through the membrane faster than it increases water flux. Salt passage rises, so the apparent salt rejection decreases and permeate conductivity tends to increase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What feedwater temperature is ideal for RO?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Many systems operate best in the 20\u201330&nbsp;\u00b0C range, where there is a reasonable balance between permeate flow, salt rejection, energy consumption and membrane life. Outside this range you can still run successfully, but extra design and operating care are required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Can I simply heat cold feedwater to fix winter performance?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Heating can help when energy is inexpensive and temperature extremes are moderate, but it adds complexity and cost. In many plants it is more economical to combine moderate heating with higher pressure, temporary recovery reduction and robust antiscalant control.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further Reading &amp; Related Tools<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/id\/solutions\/\">Solusi Pengolahan Air Industri<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/id\/case\/\">RO and UF Case Studies<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/id\/stark-water-tools\/\">Stark Water Tools \u2014 Online Calculators<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/id\/blog\/\">More RO Design and Troubleshooting Guides<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Further Reading &amp; Related Tools<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/id\/solutions\/\">Solusi Pengolahan Air Industri<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/id\/case\/\">RO and UF Case Studies<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/id\/stark-water-tools\/\">Stark Water Tools \u2014 Online Calculators<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/id\/blog\/\">More RO Design and Troubleshooting Guides<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reverse_osmosis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Reverse osmosis \u2014 general overview<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lenntech.com\/reverse-osmosis\/ro-membranes.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">RO membrane performance and temperature \u2014 manufacturer guidance<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Langkah Selanjutnya<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If you want to redesign or audit your plant with&nbsp;<strong>feedwater temperature RO<\/strong>&nbsp;properly built into the model, we can help. Share your seasonal temperature data, operating logs and membrane type, and we will map out a temperature-aware RO strategy for you.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/id\/minta-penawaran\/\">Minta Penawaran<\/a>&nbsp;to start a temperature-aware RO design review.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Reading time:&nbsp;12\u201316 minutes \u00b7&nbsp;Audience:&nbsp;RO designers, operators, process engineers, EPCs Feedwater temperature RO System\u00a0is one of the most important but underrated [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":68205,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[208],"tags":[228],"class_list":["post-68203","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-industrial-water-treatment-guides","tag-ro-system"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/68203","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=68203"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/68203\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":68681,"href":"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/68203\/revisions\/68681"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/68205"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=68203"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=68203"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=68203"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}