{"id":56073,"date":"2025-10-21T14:55:48","date_gmt":"2025-10-21T06:55:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/?p=56073"},"modified":"2025-10-21T14:55:50","modified_gmt":"2025-10-21T06:55:50","slug":"aplicacoes-de-ultrafiltracao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/pt\/blogue\/aplicacoes-de-ultrafiltracao\/","title":{"rendered":"Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de ultrafiltra\u00e7\u00e3o - Guia industrial completo para sistemas de ultrafiltra\u00e7\u00e3o, conce\u00e7\u00e3o e casos de utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Este guia pr\u00e1tico explica o que \u00e9 a ultrafiltra\u00e7\u00e3o (UF), onde\u00a0<strong>aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de ultrafiltra\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0As aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de ultrafiltra\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o adequadas aos comboios modernos e como selecionar, dimensionar, operar e manter os sistemas de UF. Encontrar\u00e1 regras de dimensionamento r\u00e1pido, listas de verifica\u00e7\u00e3o de O&amp;M, armadilhas comuns e perguntas frequentes para o ajudar a executar projectos mais rapidamente e com confian\u00e7a. Em todas as ind\u00fastrias, as aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de ultrafiltra\u00e7\u00e3o reduzem a SDI e a carga biol\u00f3gica, estabilizando a RO a jusante.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Revisto pela Equipa de Engenharia de Processos da Stark Water - \u00daltima revis\u00e3o: 20 Oct 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1) Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de ultrafiltra\u00e7\u00e3o: casos de utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o industrial e municipal<br><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A ultrafiltra\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 um processo de membrana acionado por press\u00e3o (MWCO t\u00edpico ~1-100 kDa ou equivalente a 0,01-0,1 \u00b5m) que ret\u00e9m col\u00f3ides, s\u00f3lidos em suspens\u00e3o e microrganismos, deixando passar a \u00e1gua e os sais dissolvidos. Na maioria dos&nbsp;<strong>aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de ultrafiltra\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>, a UF serve como:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/ultrafiltration-applications2-683x1024.webp\" alt=\"aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de ultrafiltra\u00e7\u00e3o2\" class=\"wp-image-56087\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/ultrafiltration-applications2-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/ultrafiltration-applications2-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/ultrafiltration-applications2-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/ultrafiltration-applications2-8x12.webp 8w, https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/ultrafiltration-applications2-600x900.webp 600w, https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/ultrafiltration-applications2.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de ultrafiltra\u00e7\u00e3o2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Pr\u00e9-tratamento antes de RO\/EDI<\/strong>\u00a0para estabilizar a SDI\/turbidez e proteger as membranas de alta press\u00e3o.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Clarifica\u00e7\u00e3o\/polimento<\/strong>\u00a0em alimentos e bebidas para reduzir a turva\u00e7\u00e3o e a microcarga, preservando os compostos de sabor.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Filtragem terci\u00e1ria<\/strong>\u00a0para reutiliza\u00e7\u00e3o municipal antes de desinfe\u00e7\u00e3o ou tratamento avan\u00e7ado.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>UF vs MF\/RO:<\/em>&nbsp;A UF remove os col\u00f3ides\/micr\u00f3bios mais do que a microfiltra\u00e7\u00e3o a press\u00f5es semelhantes, mas n\u00e3o dessaliniza como a RO.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2) Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de ultrafiltra\u00e7\u00e3o industriais e municipais<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"drinking-water\">\u00c1gua pot\u00e1vel e \u00e1gua rural<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Controlo consistente da turbidez e da SDI; barreira contra bact\u00e9rias e protozo\u00e1rios.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Automatiza pequenas instala\u00e7\u00f5es descentralizadas; reduz a depend\u00eancia do coagulante.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>As aplica\u00e7\u00f5es t\u00edpicas da ultrafiltra\u00e7\u00e3o incluem a clarifica\u00e7\u00e3o da \u00e1gua superficial antes da OR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"fnb\">Alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o e bebidas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Sumos e bebidas:<\/strong>\u00a0clarifica\u00e7\u00e3o + micro-redu\u00e7\u00e3o preservando os aromas; o tratamento a frio evita os danos t\u00e9rmicos.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bebidas \u00e0 base de ch\u00e1:<\/strong>\u00a0clareza e melhoria do prazo de validade sem agentes de colagem pesados.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lactic\u00ednios:<\/strong>\u00a0concentra\u00e7\u00e3o\/fracionamento de prote\u00ednas (com RO\/NF quando necess\u00e1rio); melhor rendimento em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com as etapas t\u00e9rmicas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cerveja e vinho:<\/strong>\u00a0remo\u00e7\u00e3o de turva\u00e7\u00e3o; alternativas sem DE; perfil sensorial est\u00e1vel.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u00d3leos\/gorduras:<\/strong>\u00a0degomagem e clarifica\u00e7\u00e3o por membrana para reduzir a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de argila\/terra de branqueamento.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"pharma-bio\">Ind\u00fastria farmac\u00eautica e de bioprocessos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Redu\u00e7\u00e3o de pirog\u00e9nios\/endotoxinas como parte de sistemas validados; \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio hardware sanit\u00e1rio e CIP\/SIP documentado.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>As aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de ultrafiltra\u00e7\u00e3o validadas ajudam a controlar a endotoxina e a carga biol\u00f3gica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"botanical\">Extractos bot\u00e2nicos\/TCM<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Clarifica\u00e7\u00e3o sem solventes; fracciona os activos de alto peso molecular dos finos para uma melhor concentra\u00e7\u00e3o a jusante.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"industry\">Ind\u00fastria pesada e pr\u00e9-tratamento RO<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Centrais el\u00e9ctricas, sider\u00fargicas e qu\u00edmicas: UF \u00e0 frente de RO para fluxos de recupera\u00e7\u00e3o e reciclagem de caldeiras.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pr\u00e9-tratamento RO da \u00e1gua do mar para estabilizar o SDI e reduzir o consumo de cartuchos.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Para a maquilhagem RO, as aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de ultrafiltra\u00e7\u00e3o estabilizam a SDI e reduzem a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de cartuchos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"municipal\">Reutiliza\u00e7\u00e3o municipal e MBR<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Filtra\u00e7\u00e3o terci\u00e1ria antes da desinfe\u00e7\u00e3o ou AOP; complementa os sistemas MBR para reutiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de baixa turbidez.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3) Lista de verifica\u00e7\u00e3o da sele\u00e7\u00e3o (escolher a conce\u00e7\u00e3o UF correta)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Qualidade dos alimentos para animais:<\/strong>\u00a0turbidez\/SDI, \u00f3leos\/gorduras, carga biol\u00f3gica; efeitos da temperatura e da viscosidade.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Objectivos de desempenho:<\/strong>\u00a0barreira microbiana, claridade\/embaciamento, SDI para proteger a RO, ou qualidade do produto em F&amp;B.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Formato do m\u00f3dulo:<\/strong>\u00a0pressurizada vs. submersa; fibra oca de dentro para fora vs. de fora para dentro; UF enrolada em espiral para skids espec\u00edficos.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Materiais e higiene:<\/strong>\u00a0PVDF\/PES\/PS; produtos qu\u00edmicos de revestimento; tubagem 316L, bra\u00e7adeiras higi\u00e9nicas e drenos para servi\u00e7o sanit\u00e1rio.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hidr\u00e1ulica:<\/strong>\u00a0janelas de fluxo de projeto, velocidade de fluxo cruzado\/escorrimento, TMP admiss\u00edvel e janelas de limpeza.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Integra\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/strong>\u00a0filtros antes das bombas de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o; carv\u00e3o\/amaciamento opcional; liga\u00e7\u00f5es RO\/EDI a jusante.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Conformidade:<\/strong>\u00a0Expectativas da FDA\/CE relativas ao contacto com alimentos (quando aplic\u00e1vel), 3-A e valida\u00e7\u00e3o do local.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4) Folha de c\u00e1lculo de dimensionamento r\u00e1pido<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Utilize os seguintes pontos de partida e confirme com as fichas de dados e os pilotos do fornecedor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Cen\u00e1rio<\/th><th>Fluxo limpo t\u00edpico*<\/th><th>TMP de projeto (limpo \u2192 m\u00e1ximo)<\/th><th>Retrolavagem\/escoamento de ar<\/th><th>Notas<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Pr\u00e9-tratamento de \u00e1gua pot\u00e1vel<\/td><td>45-70 LMH<\/td><td>0,1 \u2192 0,8 bar<\/td><td>30-60 min, 30-90 s<\/td><td>Automatizar os testes de integridade; manter o SDI &lt;3 para RO.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Clarifica\u00e7\u00e3o de F&amp;B (frio)<\/td><td>20-50 LMH<\/td><td>0,2 \u2192 1,0 bar<\/td><td>15-30 min, CEB semanal<\/td><td>Sumidouros higi\u00e9nicos; efeitos da temperatura na viscosidade.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Reutiliza\u00e7\u00e3o industrial (alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o desafiante)<\/td><td>25-45 LMH<\/td><td>0,2 \u2192 1,2 bar<\/td><td>15-30 min, frequente CEB<\/td><td>Necess\u00e1rio controlo de \u00f3leos\/gorduras; avaliar o aux\u00edlio de coagulantes.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>*LMH = L\/m\u00b2-h. Confirme sempre o fluxo\/TMP permitido para a sua membrana, temperatura e qu\u00edmica espec\u00edficas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pr\u00e9-estiradores recomendados<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Condi\u00e7\u00e3o de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th><th>Filtro sugerido<\/th><th>Coment\u00e1rio<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u00c1guas superficiais em geral<\/td><td>Cesto de 100-200 \u00b5m\/peneira autom\u00e1tica<\/td><td>Protege as bombas e as fibras de grandes detritos.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Esta\u00e7\u00e3o de s\u00f3lidos elevados ou de algas<\/td><td>50-100 \u00b5m com descarga de bypass<\/td><td>Aumentar a cad\u00eancia da retrolavagem e o tratamento dos res\u00edduos.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Servi\u00e7o higi\u00e9nico F&amp;B<\/td><td>Filtro em linha higi\u00e9nico (\u2264100 \u00b5m)<\/td><td>Corpo em 316L, liga\u00e7\u00f5es e drenos sanit\u00e1rios.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5) Opera\u00e7\u00f5es e manuten\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Normaliza\u00e7\u00e3o do arranque:<\/strong>\u00a0registo da linha de base da \u00e1gua limpa para o fluxo, \u0394P, temperatura e SDI.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rotina:<\/strong>\u00a0retrolavagem automatizada\/descarga de ar; retrolavagem quimicamente melhorada (CEB) em \u0394P\/desvio de fluxo.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>CIP:<\/strong>\u00a0alcalino para org\u00e2nicos\/biofilme, \u00e1cido para minerais; verificar a compatibilidade da membrana com oxidantes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Preserva\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/strong>\u00a0desinfe\u00e7\u00e3o\/armazenamento biost\u00e1tico quando inativo; manter os inv\u00f3lucros cheios e sem ar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Testes de integridade:<\/strong>\u00a0ensaios de press\u00e3o de reten\u00e7\u00e3o ou de marca\u00e7\u00e3o a intervalos definidos; documentar os resultados.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/ultrafiltration-applications3.webp\" alt=\"aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de ultrafiltra\u00e7\u00e3o3\" class=\"wp-image-56089\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/ultrafiltration-applications3.webp 1024w, https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/ultrafiltration-applications3-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/ultrafiltration-applications3-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/ultrafiltration-applications3-768x768.webp 768w, https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/ultrafiltration-applications3-12x12.webp 12w, https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/ultrafiltration-applications3-600x600.webp 600w, https:\/\/stark-water.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/ultrafiltration-applications3-100x100.webp 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de ultrafiltra\u00e7\u00e3o3<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6) Armadilhas comuns e solu\u00e7\u00f5es r\u00e1pidas<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Filtros subdimensionados:<\/strong>\u00a0Atualizar a malha\/\u00e1rea; verificar o NPSH da bomba e o ru\u00eddo de cavita\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lavagem insuficiente:<\/strong>\u00a0reajustar os caudais, as dura\u00e7\u00f5es e as sequ\u00eancias; acrescentar air-scour, se poss\u00edvel.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Danos oxidantes:<\/strong>\u00a0confirmar o limite de cloro livre da membrana; adicionar declora\u00e7\u00e3o se necess\u00e1rio.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Varia\u00e7\u00f5es de temperatura:<\/strong>\u00a0fluxo correto para um equivalente de 20 \u00b0C; isolar\/tra\u00e7ar linhas higi\u00e9nicas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Diminui\u00e7\u00e3o do desempenho da OR ap\u00f3s a UF:<\/strong>\u00a0verificar o SDI, efetuar o teste de integridade, verificar os finos de carbono e o crescimento biol\u00f3gico.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7) Mini-caixas instant\u00e2neas<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Bebida de ch\u00e1:<\/strong>\u00a0Concentrado clarificado por UF a 30 LMH, \u0394P&lt;0,6 bar; utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o reduzida de agente de colagem em ~80%.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Maquilhagem RO da f\u00e1brica de baterias:<\/strong>\u00a0O pr\u00e9-tratamento UF reduziu os gastos com cartuchos em 65% e estabilizou o SDI em 2,2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8) FAQs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">O que \u00e9 que a UF remove em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com a MF ou a RO?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A UF remove col\u00f3ides, bact\u00e9rias e subst\u00e2ncias org\u00e2nicas de alto peso molecular; a MF visa part\u00edculas maiores; a RO remove sais dissolvidos e subst\u00e2ncias org\u00e2nicas (dessaliniza\u00e7\u00e3o).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pode o UF substituir os coagulantes nas bebidas?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Muitas vezes, a UF reduz ou elimina os coagulantes, mas recomenda-se a realiza\u00e7\u00e3o de testes-piloto para confirmar os objectivos de clareza e sabor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Com que frequ\u00eancia devo efetuar a retrolavagem ou a CIP?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Lavagem de retorno a cada 15-60 minutos, dependendo da alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o; adicionar CEBs semanais e CIP completo peri\u00f3dico com base nas tend\u00eancias de \u0394P\/fluxo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Que materiais s\u00e3o de qualidade alimentar?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Membranas PVDF\/PES com revestimento aprovado, tubagem em a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel 316L e elast\u00f3meros sanit\u00e1rios - verificar as actuais declara\u00e7\u00f5es de contacto com alimentos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9) Pr\u00f3ximas etapas (RFQ e liga\u00e7\u00f5es internas)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Partilhe a sua an\u00e1lise de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o e a sua curva de procura - dimensionaremos os m\u00f3dulos, o sistema hidr\u00e1ulico e a estrat\u00e9gia de limpeza, e proporemos um pacote higi\u00e9nico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/pt\/solicitar-um-orcamento\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pedir um or\u00e7amento<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/pt\/inside-out-ultrafiltration-membrane\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Guia de membrana UF de dentro para fora<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/pt\/calculadoras-para-tratamento-de-aguas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Calculadoras de tratamento de \u00e1gua<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/pt\/categoria-produto\/produtos-de-aco-inoxidavel\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Reservat\u00f3rios e caixas em a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/stark-water.com\/pt\/estacao-de-tratamento-de-aguas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sistemas de tratamento de \u00e1gua<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Normas e refer\u00eancias<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wqa.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Recursos da Associa\u00e7\u00e3o para a Qualidade da \u00c1gua (WQA)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ispe.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Orienta\u00e7\u00f5es b\u00e1sicas do ISPE para a conce\u00e7\u00e3o higi\u00e9nica<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">M\u00e9todos ASTM relevantes para o tratamento da \u00e1gua<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This practical guide explains what ultrafiltration (UF) is, where\u00a0ultrafiltration applications\u00a0fit in modern trains, and how to select, size, operate and 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